Time-course of occupational psychological and social factors as predictors of new-onset and persistent neck pain: A three-wave prospective study over 4 years

The current study estimated the impact of psychological and social work factors over time on neck pain. A sample of Norwegian employees (n = 1250) was surveyed on 3 occasions spanning 4 years. Five exposures were studied: quantitative demands, decision control, social climate, empowering leadership, and role conflict. Group-based trajectory models suggested factors changed little over time—employees could be classified by mean levels of exposure into groups exhibiting stable ‘‘high’’, ‘‘middle’’, and ‘‘low’’ levels. The exception was decision control, for which a 4-level classification was derived: ‘‘high’’, ‘‘high–middle’’, ‘‘low–middle’’, and ‘‘low’’. Pain prevalence at the end of the study period was compared across groups. Risk and prognosis were also assessed separately by dividing the sample according to pain status at baseline. For all factors, distinct differences in risk were observed between exposure groups, controlled for pain at baseline, skill level, sex, and age. Statistically significant effects ranged from 0.38 (CI 0.20–0.73, P < 0.01) for high social climate to 3.00 (CI 1.63–5.50, P < 0.01) for high role conflict. The risk of new-onset pain was predicted by all factors. ORs ranged from 0.32 (CI 0.16–0.67, P < 0.01) for high empowering leadership to 2.61 (CI 1.09–6.21, P < 0.05) for...