Chloroform exposure in air and water in Swedish indoor swimming pools – urine as a biomarker of occupational exposure

Introduction Disinfection by-products are produced in water disinfected with chlorine-based products. One such group is trihalomethanes, and chloroform is the most abundant trihalomethane in swimming pool areas. Chloroform can be absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption, and is classified as possibly carcinogenic. Aim To investigate if chloroform concentrations in air and water affect the chloroform concentration in urine samples of exposed swimming pool workers. Methods Workers from 5 adventure indoor swimming pools carried personal chloroform air samplers and provided up to 4 urine samples during one workday. Chloroform concentrations were analyzed with a linear mixed model analysis to investigate a possible correlation between air and urine concentrations. Results The geometric mean chloroform concentration was 11 μg/m3 in air and 0.009 µg/g creatinine in urine among individuals with ≤2 h at work, 0.023 µg/g creatinine among those with >2–5 working hours, and 0.026 µg/g creatinine in the group with >5–10 working hours. A risk of higher levels of chloroform in urine was associated with longer hours at work (≤2 h versus >5–10 h, odds ratio [OR] 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–3.34), personal chloroform concentrations in air (≤17.00 µg/m3 versus >28.00 µg/m3, OR 9.23, 95% CI 3.68–23.13) and working at...